A Diagrammatic Axiomatisation for Qubit Entanglement

Diagrammatic techniques for reasoning about monoidal categories provide an intuitive understanding of the symmetries and connections of interacting computational processes. In the context of categorical quantum mechanics, Coecke and Kissinger suggested that two 3-qubit states, GHZ and W, may be used as the building blocks of a new graphical calculus, aimed at a diagrammatic classification of multipartite qubit entanglement that would highlight the communicational properties of quantum states, and their potential uses in cryptographic schemes. In this paper, we present a full graphical axiomatisation of the relations between GHZ and W: the ZW calculus. This refines a version of the preexisting ZX calculus, while keeping its most desirable characteristics: undirectedness, a large degree of symmetry, and an algebraic underpinning. We prove that the ZW calculus is complete for the category of free abelian groups on a power of two generators - "qubits with integer coefficients" - and provide an explicit normalisation procedure.Comment: 12 page

The algebra of entanglement and the geometry of composition

String diagrams turn algebraic equations into topological moves that have recurring shapes, involving the sliding of one diagram past another. We individuate, at the root of this fact, the dual nature of polygraphs as presentations of higher algebraic theories, and as combinatorial descriptions of "directed spaces". Operations of polygraphs modelled on operations of topological spaces are used as the foundation of a compositional universal algebra, where sliding moves arise from tensor products of polygraphs. We reconstruct several higher algebraic theories in this framework. In this regard, the standard formalism of polygraphs has some technical problems. We propose a notion of regular polygraph, barring cell boundaries that are not homeomorphic to a disk of the appropriate dimension. We define a category of non-degenerate shapes, and show how to calculate their tensor products. Then, we introduce a notion of weak unit to recover weakly degenerate boundaries in low dimensions, and prove that the existence of weak units is equivalent to a representability property. We then turn to applications of diagrammatic algebra to quantum theory. We re-evaluate the category of Hilbert spaces from the perspective of categorical universal algebra, which leads to a bicategorical refinement. Then, we focus on the axiomatics of fragments of quantum theory, and present the ZW calculus, the first complete diagrammatic axiomatisation of the theory of qubits. The ZW calculus has several advantages over ZX calculi, including a computationally meaningful normal form, and a fragment whose diagrams can be read as setups of fermionic oscillators. Moreover, its generators reflect an operational classification of entangled states of 3 qubits. We conclude with generalisations of the ZW calculus to higher-dimensional systems, including the definition of a universal set of generators in each dimension.Comment: v2: changes to end of Chapter 3. v1: 214 pages, many figures; University of Oxford doctoral thesi

Data Structures for Topologically Sound Higher-Dimensional Diagram Rewriting

We present a computational implementation of diagrammatic sets, a model of higher-dimensional diagram rewriting that is "topologically sound": diagrams admit a functorial interpretation as homotopies in cell complexes. This has potential applications both in the formalisation of higher algebra and category theory and in computational algebraic topology. We describe data structures for well-formed shapes of diagrams of arbitrary dimensions and provide a solution to their isomorphism problem in time O(n^3 log n). On top of this, we define a type theory for rewriting in diagrammatic sets and provide a semantic characterisation of its syntactic category. All data structures and algorithms are implemented in the Python library rewalt, which also supports various visualisations of diagrams.Comment: In Proceedings ACT 2022, arXiv:2307.1551

Higher-dimensional subdiagram matching

Higher-dimensional rewriting is founded on a duality of rewrite systems and cell complexes, connecting computational mathematics to higher categories and homotopy theory: the two sides of a rewrite rule are two halves of the boundary of an (n+1)-cell, which are diagrams of n-cells. We study higher-dimensional diagram rewriting as a mechanism of computation, focussing on the matching problem for rewritable subdiagrams within the combinatorial framework of diagrammatic sets. We provide an algorithm for subdiagram matching in arbitrary dimensions, based on new results on layerings of diagrams, and derive upper bounds on its time complexity. We show that these superpolynomial bounds can be improved to polynomial bounds under certain acyclicity conditions, and that these conditions hold in general for diagrams up to dimension 3. We discuss the challenges that arise in dimension 4.Comment: Accepted for LICS 2023. 13 pages + appendix 9 page

A Diagrammatic Axiomatisation of Fermionic Quantum Circuits

We introduce the fermionic ZW calculus, a string-diagrammatic language for fermionic quantum computing (FQC). After defining a fermionic circuit model, we present the basic components of the calculus, together with their interpretation, and show how the main physical gates of interest in FQC can be represented in the language. We then list our axioms, and derive some additional equations. We prove that the axioms provide a complete equational axiomatisation of the monoidal category whose objects are quantum systems of finitely many local fermionic modes, with operations that preserve or reverse the parity (number of particles mod 2) of states, and the tensor product, corresponding to the composition of two systems, as monoidal product. We achieve this through a procedure that rewrites any diagram in a normal form. We conclude by showing, as an example, how the statistics of a fermionic Mach-Zehnder interferometer can be calculated in the diagrammatic language